Class 10 Population Unit 2 Population Policies and Programmes in Nepal Notes

1. Very short answer questions.

a. What is population policy?

= Population policy refers to a set of measures and strategies implemented by governments or organizations to influence the growth, distribution, and characteristics of a population within a given region or country.

b. What is pronatalist population policy?

= Pro-natalist population is policy which is designed with the purpose of increasing the birth rate or fertility rate of an area or a country.

c. Mention any one of each direct and indirect antinatalist population policy.

= i. Direct anti-natalist policy

- Legalizing the abortion service.

ii. Indirect anti-natalist policy

- Women empowerment

d. What is the total (including male and female) IMR of Nepal in 2011AD?

= The total IMR of Nepal in 2011AD is 46.

e. Write down the MMR of 2015.

= The MMR of 2015 is 190MM Ratio.

f. When did the First Five Year Plan start in Nepal?

= The First Five Year Plan of Nepal on 1956.

g. What is the goal of Fifteen Five Year Plan?

= The goal of Fifteen Five Year Plan is Well management of population and Migration.

h. What do you man by long term population policy?

= Long-term population policy refers to a comprehensive and sustained approach adopted by governments or organizations to address population-related challenges and promote sustainable population growth, distribution, and development over an extended period of time.

i. List any one reproductive health policy of adolescence in Nepal?

= Increasing adolescents for delayed marriage.

j. Write any one goal of national population policy (2071 BS)in Nepal.

= To integrate population issues with development and improve quality of life of the people.

k. What is the expected achievement of HDI in 15th Five Year Plan?

= The expected achievement of HDI in 15th Five Year Plan is To increase human development index (HDI) 0.624 from 0.579 and to increase human satisfaction index 5.1 from 4.7.

l. When was National Youth Council Act introduced in Nepal?

= The National Youth Council Act was introduced in Nepal on January 3, 2015.

m. When was old age allowance program started in Nepal for the first time?

= The old age allowance program in Nepal was first started in 1995for the first time.

n. Where was ICPD held?

= ICPD was held on September 5 to 13, 1994.

2. Write short answer.

a. What is population policy? Why is it needed?

= Population policy refers to a set of measures and strategies implemented by governments or organizations to influence the growth, distribution, and characteristics of a population within a given region or country. It is needed because it leads to modify institutional arrangements through witch government influence, directly or indirectly, demographic change.

b. Discuss present situation of  family planning programmers in Nepal?

= The present situation of  family planning programmers in Nepal are:

i. Government Initiatives

ii. Contraceptive Methods
iii. Service Delivery
iv. Awareness and Education

v. Equity and Access
vi. Challenges

c. How is the trend and level of infant and child mortality in Nepal?

= The trend and level of infant mortality is measure in per 1000 live birth. The direct estimate of infant mortality rate (IMR) is 31 infant death per 1000 live birth at according to census year 2011.

- The trend and level of child mortality is12.9 in census year 2011.

d. Explain reproductive policy of adolescence in Nepal?

= The reproductive policy of adolescence in Nepal are:

i. Increasing adolescents for decayed marriage.

ii. Increasing adolescents girls for sanitation in period.

iii. Increasing them for safe sexual behaviours.

iv. Increasing positive aspects of cultural and social customers.

e. Explain population policy of adolescents in Nepal?

= The population policy of adolescents in Nepal are:

i. Comprehensive Approach
ii. Education and Skill Development
iii. Sexual and Reproductive Health
iv. Gender Equality and Empowerment
v. Participation and Advocacy
vi. Coordination and Collaboration

f. Write down the trend and level of maternal mortality rate in Nepal.

= The trend and level of maternal mortality rate in Nepal is MM Ratio UN agencies in 1990 was 1550 and it was 826 for 2000, 380 in 2010 and 170 for 2013AD.

3. Write shorts notes on:

a. Child Mortality

= Child Mortality refers to the death of children under the age of five, commonly measured as the under-five mortality rate (U5MR). It is a critical indicator of a country's health and development status, reflecting the overall well-being of children and the effectiveness of healthcare systems.

b. Level and Trends of total fertility rate

= The total fertility rate (TFR) is a measure used to estimate the average number of children a woman would have during her reproductive years. It is an essential indicator for understanding population growth, demographic changes, and the sustainability of societies.

c. 15th Five Year Plan

= 15th Five Year Plan since it pertains to India, and the details of that plan were not available at that time. The Five Year Plans in India are comprehensive economic and social development initiatives that outline the country's priorities and strategies for a five-year period.

4. Difference Between:

a. Pronatalist and anti-natalist population policy

=*Pronatalist Population Policy:

1. Pronatalist policies aim to promote higher birth rates and encourage couples to have more children.

2. Governments may provide various incentives and benefits to encourage childbirth, such as cash incentives, tax breaks, maternity and paternity leave, child subsidies, and access to affordable childcare.

3. Pronatalist policies often focus on maintaining or increasing the working-age population to support economic growth, address labor shortages, and sustain social welfare systems.

4. Pronatalist policies may be influenced by cultural, religious, or social values that prioritize larger families, continuity of lineage, or traditional gender roles.

5. Pronatalist policies may be implemented in countries with low birth rates, aging populations, or a declining workforce to mitigate demographic challenges and ensure long-term social and economic stability.

*Anti-natalist Population Policy:

1.  Anti-natalist policies aim to reduce birth rates and limit population growth.

2. Governments promote and provide access to family planning services, contraceptives, and reproductive healthcare to empower individuals and couples to make informed decisions about family size.

3. Anti-natalist policies often prioritize comprehensive sexuality education, raising awareness about the benefits of smaller families.

4. Anti-natalist policies are typically implemented in countries facing overpopulation concerns, strained resources, environmental degradation.

5. The main objective of anti-natalist policies is to achieve population stabilization at a sustainable level that ensures adequate resources and a balanced ecosystem.

b. Population Plan and Policy

= *Population Plan:

1. It encompasses a wide range of goals, targets, and actions aimed at managing population dynamics, promoting sustainable development, and addressing socio-economic challenges.

2. Population plans typically address various aspects of population, such as fertility rates, mortality rates, migration patterns, urbanization, aging population, gender dynamics, and reproductive health. 

3. Population plans generally have a long-term perspective, covering several years or even decades.

4. Population plans set specific goals and targets to measure progress and guide implementation.

5. Population plans outline the strategies, policies, programs, and initiatives to achieve the defined goals.

*Population Policy:

1. These policies are often derived from the broader population plan and are focused on addressing specific issues or achieving particular objectives.

2. They may concentrate on areas such as family planning, reproductive health, migration management, urban planning, or demographic balance.

3.  Population policies may involve the formulation and enactment of laws, regulations, and guidelines to guide population-related activities.

4. Population policies utilize various tools and mechanisms to achieve their objectives.

c. Infant and child mortality

= *Infant Mortality:

1. Infant mortality refers to the number of deaths of infants (children under one year of age) per 1,000 live births in a given time period.

2. Infant mortality specifically focuses on the first year of life, capturing deaths that occur from birth up until the child's first birthday.

3. Infants are particularly vulnerable due to their underdeveloped immune systems and higher susceptibility to infections, birth complications, and other health-related issues.

4. Common causes of infant mortality include preterm birth complications, low birth weight, birth defects, infections, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), and inadequate access to healthcare services.

5. Infant mortality is often used as an indicator of the overall health and healthcare system of a population.

*Child Mortality:

1. Child mortality refers to the number of deaths of children aged 1 to 5 years per 1,000 live births in a given time period.

2. Child mortality focuses on deaths that occur between the first and fifth year of a child's life, excluding the first year covered by infant mortality.

3. Children in this age group have generally passed the infancy stage but may still face health risks and vulnerabilities as they continue to grow and develop.

4. Leading causes of child mortality include infectious diseases such as pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, measles, malnutrition, accidents, injuries, and inadequate access to healthcare services.

5. Child mortality rates reflect the effectiveness of healthcare systems in preventing and treating common childhood illnesses and injuries.

d. Maternal mortality rate and ratio

= *Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR):

1. Maternal mortality rate refers to the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in a given time period.

2. MMR is calculated by dividing the number of maternal deaths during a specific period by the number of live births during the same period and then multiplying the result by 100,000.

3. MMR provides a measure of the risk of maternal death for individual pregnant women or mothers during childbirth.

4. MMR is used to assess the overall maternal health and healthcare system of a population.

Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMRatio):

1. Maternal mortality ratio is the ratio of the number of maternal deaths to the number of live births in a given time period.

2. MMRatio is calculated by dividing the number of maternal deaths during a specific period by the number of live births during the same period.

3. MMRatio provides a comparative measure of maternal deaths in relation to the number of live births.

4. MMRatio is often used to track progress over time and across different regions or countries.

5. Explain the vision, goal expected achievement and objectives of 15th five year plan of Nepal?

= Vision:

The vision of the 15th Five Year Plan of Nepal would depend on the country's specific developmental priorities. It would articulate the desired future state of the country and provide a guiding framework for the plan's goals and objectives.

Goals:

The goals of the 15th Five Year Plan would represent the broad outcomes and targets that the government aims to achieve during the plan period. These goals are usually aligned with the country's long-term development agenda and address key challenges and opportunities.

Expected Achievements:

The expected achievements of the 15th Five Year Plan would outline the specific outcomes and results that the government expects to realize by the end of the plan period. These achievements could include economic growth targets, poverty reduction, improvements in social indicators, infrastructure development, environmental sustainability, and other priority areas identified in the plan.

Objectives:

The objectives of the 15th Five Year Plan would outline the specific actions, policies, and interventions that will be implemented to achieve the plan's goals and expected achievements. These objectives would be derived from an analysis of the country's developmental needs, and they would address various sectors such as economic development, social welfare, education, health, infrastructure, governance, and environmental sustainability.

b. How is safe abortion policy and legal provision of abortion in Nepal?

=1. Legalization of Abortion: Nepal legalized abortion in 2002 with the enactment of the "Safe Motherhood and Reproductive Health Rights Act." This law permits women to have an abortion up to 12 weeks of gestation on request and allows for abortion beyond 12 weeks in certain circumstances, such as cases of rape, incest, fetal abnormalities, risk to the mother's life, and risk to the physical or mental health of the mother.

2. Access to Safe Abortion Services: The law in Nepal recognizes the importance of ensuring access to safe abortion services. It requires the government to make comprehensive abortion services available through the public health system and promotes collaboration with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and private health facilities to expand access.

3. Certification of Providers: The law mandates the certification of healthcare providers to perform abortions. It establishes standards for training and certifying providers to ensure safe and appropriate abortion services. This certification process helps ensure that trained professionals are delivering abortion services.

4. Counseling and Informed Consent: The law emphasizes the importance of counseling and informed consent for women seeking abortion. It requires healthcare providers to provide comprehensive counseling on the procedure, potential risks, and available alternatives. Informed consent from the woman is necessary before proceeding with the abortion.

5. Post-Abortion Care: The law recognizes the need for post-abortion care services to ensure the well-being and recovery of women. It mandates the provision of post-abortion counseling, follow-up care, and family planning services to women who have had abortions.

6. Public Awareness and Education: Nepal has undertaken public awareness campaigns and educational initiatives to disseminate information about safe abortion rights and services. These efforts aim to reduce stigma, increase awareness of legal provisions, and ensure that women are informed about their rights and available options.

c. What is population policy? Discuss the population policies of 13th and 14th plan of Nepal.

= Population policy refers to a set of strategies, measures, and interventions implemented by a government or relevant authorities to influence population growth, distribution, and related demographic factors. These policies are designed to address various social, economic, environmental, and health challenges associated with population dynamics. Population policies typically aim to achieve sustainable population growth, promote reproductive health and rights, reduce fertility rates, manage migration patterns, address aging populations, and ensure equitable access to healthcare and social services.

Regarding the population policies of the 13th and 14th plans of Nepal, I apologize, but I do not have access to the specific details of these plans as they fall beyond my knowledge cutoff in September 2021. The 13th Plan covered the period from 2013 to 2018, and the 14th Plan covered the period from 2016 to 2021. To obtain accurate and up-to-date information on the population policies of these plans, I recommend referring to the official documents and publications released by the Government of Nepal, particularly the respective plan documents or relevant reports from the Ministry of Health and Population or the Central Bureau of Statistics in Nepal. These sources will provide comprehensive information on the specific population policies and interventions implemented during these plan periods.

d. What is adolescence? Elaborate the reproductive policy for adolescents in Nepal.

= Adolescence is a transitional period between childhood and adulthood, typically spanning between the ages of 10 and 19. It is characterized by rapid physical, cognitive, and emotional changes as individuals experience the onset of puberty and navigate their journey towards adulthood. During this period, adolescents undergo significant physical growth, develop their identities, establish social relationships, and experience new emotions and challenges.

In Nepal, the government has recognized the importance of addressing the reproductive health needs of adolescents and has implemented specific policies to safeguard their well-being. The Reproductive Health Policy for Adolescents in Nepal was introduced in 2000 and revised in 2018 to address the unique needs and concerns of this population group. The policy aims to ensure that adolescents have access to comprehensive reproductive health services, education, and support in a safe and supportive environment.

e. Explain the situation and trends of family planning and contraception use in Nepal.

= Nepal has made significant progress in family planning and contraception use over the years. The country has implemented various programs and policies to increase access to family planning services, promote contraceptive use, and improve reproductive health outcomes. Here is an overview of the situation and trends of family planning and contraception use in Nepal:

1. Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR): The contraceptive prevalence rate measures the percentage of women of reproductive age (typically 15-49 years) who are currently using any form of contraception. In Nepal, the CPR has been steadily increasing over the years. According to the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2016, the CPR among married women was 51.8%, indicating that more than half of married women were using contraception.

2. Modern Contraceptive Methods: The use of modern contraceptive methods has seen substantial growth in Nepal. These methods include male and female sterilization, intrauterine devices (IUDs), oral contraceptive pills, injectables, implants, male condoms, and female condoms. The NDHS 2016 reported that female sterilization and injectables were the most commonly used methods among married women.

3. Government Initiatives: The government of Nepal has implemented various initiatives to promote family planning and increase contraceptive use. These include the provision of free or subsidized contraceptives, improving the availability of family planning services at health facilities, and integrating family planning services into maternal and child health programs.

4. Reproductive Health Programs: Reproductive health programs in Nepal focus on raising awareness about family planning, educating communities about contraceptive options, and improving access to services. These programs also aim to address social and cultural barriers that may hinder contraceptive use, such as gender norms, misconceptions, and limited knowledge.

5. Youth-Friendly Services: Efforts have been made to provide youth-friendly reproductive health services, including family planning information and access to contraceptives. These services aim to cater to the specific needs and preferences of young people and ensure confidentiality, privacy, and non-judgmental care.

6. Urban-Rural Disparities: Disparities exist between urban and rural areas in terms of access to family planning services and contraceptive use. Generally, urban areas have higher contraceptive prevalence rates compared to rural areas. Efforts are being made to bridge this gap by expanding services in rural and remote areas and targeting hard-to-reach populations.

7. Quality of Care: Ensuring the quality of family planning services, including counseling, informed choice, and availability of a range of contraceptive methods, remains an ongoing challenge. Continuous efforts are being made to improve the quality of care and address barriers to contraceptive access and utilization.