Class 9 Science Chapter 3 Life Cycle of Mushroom Notes

A. Short answer type questions:

a. What is mushroom?

= A mushroom is the reproductive structure produced by some fungi.

b. Where are mushrooms grown?

= Mushroom grow in moist, humid and dark placeson the rotten logs of wood, tree trunks, soil rich in organic matter, dung cake, decaying organic matter, etc.

c. Which type of wild mushrooms are edible?

= Death cap tapes it wild mushroom are edible.

d. What are the different parts of a mushroom?

= The different parts of a mushroom are:

i. Vegetative body =  the mycelium.

ii. The reproductive body = fruiting body

e. What is hypha?

= Hypha is the individual thread-like filament that forms mycelium and fruiting body.

f. What are basidospores?

= A Basidospores is a reproductive spores produced by Basidiomycete fungi.

g. What is rhizomorphs?

= Rhizomarphs are a special morphological adapation root like structures found in fungi.

h. What types of wild variety of mushrooms poisonous?

= i. Unpleasant and acrid smell

ii. Pileus and stipe brighter are or red in colour.

iii. Irregular and wrinkled cap looks like a saddle.

i. What is annulus?

= Annulus is a ring-shaped object, structure or region.

j. Write the function of the pileus?

= i. To supports a spore-bearing surface, the hymenium.

k. What is the function of the gills in mushrooms?

= To produce the spores or basidiospores for reproduction and protect them.

2. Long answer questions:

a. What are the health benefits of mushrooms? Write any four points.

→ The health benefits of mushrooms are:

i. Mushrooms as source of proteins.

ii. Mushrooms as source of vitamins.

iii. Mushrooms as source of minerals.

iv. Mushrooms as medicines.

b. Explain the structure of the basidiospores of a mushroom with a labelled diagram.

= Basidiospores are the reproductive structures produced by the basidia, which are specialized cells found on the gills or other spore-bearing surfaces of a mushroom. These spores are typically microscopic and are responsible for the dispersal and propagation of the mushroom species. Here is a description of the structure of a basidiospore:

i. Cap or Pileus: The basidiospores are typically located on the gills, which are found on the underside of the mushroom's cap. The cap is the rounded, umbrella-like structure of the mushroom.

ii. Gill or Lamella: The gills are thin, radiating structures that extend from the stem to the outer edge of the cap. They are the primary location where basidiospores are produced.

iii. Basidium: The basidium is a specialized cell found on the surface of the gills. Each basidium typically produces four basidiospores. The basidium is the site of meiosis, a process that generates genetic variation, resulting in the production of genetically diverse spores.

iv. Basidiospores: The basidiospores are single-celled structures that are formed on the basidia. They are usually small and have a characteristic shape and surface features specific to each mushroom species. The basidiospores are released from the basidia and are dispersed into the environment to germinate and give rise to new mushroom growth.

c. Briefly explain the life cycle of mushroom with diagram.

= i. Spore Dispersal: The life cycle of a mushroom begins with the dispersal of spores. These spores are produced in basidia, which are located on the gills or other spore-bearing surfaces of the mushroom. The spores are released into the environment.

ii. Germination: When the spores find a suitable environment, such as a moist and nutrient-rich substrate, they germinate. Each spore germinates into a mycelium, which is a thread-like structure composed of hyphae.

iii. Mycelium Growth: The mycelium grows by extending its hyphae through the substrate, absorbing nutrients as it expands. It forms a network of hyphae that spread out in search of food sources, breaking down organic matter in the process.

iv. Hyphal Fusion: When two compatible hyphae of different mating types encounter each other, they undergo hyphal fusion, known as plasmogamy. This fusion results in the formation of a dikaryotic mycelium, where the nuclei of the two mating types coexist without fusing.

v. Fruiting Body Development: Under suitable conditions, the dikaryotic mycelium develops a fruiting body, which is the visible part of the mushroom that we typically recognize. The fruiting body consists of a cap (pileus) and a stalk (stipe) with gills or other spore-bearing structures on the underside.

vi. Basidiospore Production: Within the gills of the fruiting body, specialized cells called basidia produce basidiospores through meiosis. Each basidium typically produces four basidiospores.

vii. Spore Release and Dispersal: The mature basidiospores are released from the basidia and are dispersed into the environment by various means, such as air currents or the movement of animals.

viii. Germination and Mycelium Formation: If favorable conditions are met, the basidiospores germinate and develop into new mycelia, restarting the life cycle.

d. Explain the process of small scale cultivation of mushrooms?

= The process of small scale cultivation of mushroom are::

i. Good quality paddy straws are cut in the size of 1 to 3 inches and is placed in a big vessel having water at least for 24 hours.

ii. Wash the pieces of straw well and then take out the straw pieces from the water and let it in the open place for 2-4 hours for drying.

iii. Adjust "big metallic vessel with a wine net and a water Place the washed pieces of straw for being steamed by placing over the metallic net For an hour to make it.

iv. Allow the pieces of straw to cool in the air.

v. Make 12-20 holes using sharp stick all over the bag. This will promote air circulation. 

vi. Fill the bags with a layer of 8-10 inches of steamed straw and crumble one chunk of of the straw along the edges. Repeat the process spore on 5-6 times. After, last layer of in two inches of straw. the top spores, pack

vii. Closing twist the open end and tie the bag tightly by in a a sterilized just room rope and place the bags at the temperature of 20°C to 25°C.

viii. Set the bags in a cool dark place to promote mycelium growth. Make sure that the bags. least foot away From each other.

ix. Spray the sack every 5 days to keep it moist.

x. After about 10 days, the white cotton thread like structures, the mycelia are. bags seen growing inside the bags.

xi. The fruiting bodys of the mushrooms are to Seen grow out from the holes of the bags after 17 days.

xii. After 25 days, the mushrooms are ready to harvest.

e. How do you store mushrooms for a long time for future use?

We can Freeze or dry them or even preserve them in oil. Soup, ketchup, pickles, dried slice, etc. be made from mushrooms for long time storage for future use.

f. Write any five advantage of mushroom cultivation in detail.

= i. Use of idle structures.

ii. Involvement of small initial capital.

iii. Possible production all the year round.

iv. Biodegrader hence environment con- server.

v. Reduce environment pollution.

g. Write the characteristics of poisonous mushroom?

= i. They are unpleasant and acrid smell.

ii. Their pileus and stipe brighter are or red in color.

iii. There is presence of vulva and annulus.

iv. They have Irregular and wrinkled a saddle caps on the stipe looks like a saddle.

v. They apper brighter in colour and change brown as they get older.

h. List out some of the nutrients that are found in mushrooms.

= Some of the nutrients that are found in mushrooms are

i. Calories

ii. Carbs

iii. Fiber

iv. Protein

v. Fat

vi. Vitamin D

vii. Selenium

viii. Phosphorus

ix. Folate

i. Mushrooms have become popular for their food value. Explain

= The mushroom is used today in cooking for its taste and delicate flavour and is often considered. more a refined touch to a dish than a proper Food Mushrooms have not yet become a brood bar constant and everyday consumption because of the lack of information on the part of the consumer, who considers it only a complementary Food. However the mushroom should be given more importance in cooking, since it has a high food value and is easy to digest.

3. Give reasons.

a. Mushroom is a saprophytic Fungus. 

= Because they grow on dead and decaying matter which rich in organic matter.

b. Basidium is the Fertile cell of the mushroom.

= Because It develop on fertile surface of the mushroom and release their spores into the air.

c. Some mushrooms are important for mankind.

= because it have low calories source of fiber, protein, and andioxidants and use for making medicine.

d. Mushrooms are known as decomposers from the ecological point of view.

= Because fungi are important decomposers.

e. Cultivated mushrooms are more reliable than wild mushrooms.

= Cultivated mushrooms are grown in controlled environments, such as indoor farms or greenhouses, where factors like temperature, humidity, and light can be regulated.